The Value of Pair and Group Work for Second Language Learning Essay

The Value of Pair and Group Work for Second Language Learning - Essay Example However, a few educators are not yet prepared to change and acknowledge change. In addition, they are unconvinced about the benefit of utilizing pair and gathering work in the homeroom condition. From another point of view, the mentality of understudy network towards educational advancement profoundly impacts its adequacy in the study hall condition. This view has been bolstered in crafted by Hinkel (2005, P. 141). The estimation of pair and gathering work in the homeroom condition is that it helps students gets enough chance to rehearse the language. For example, pair and gathering work help the students to possess enough energy for oral practice. In addition, less certain students get presentation to incorporate recently gained language aptitudes. Pair and gathering work in study hall condition prompts less reliance on an educator, aiding and learning improves language securing. Pair and gathering work change the conventional job of the individual instructor in the study hall condi tion. Gathering work is useful for the students to impart their plans to their companions. Furthermore, learning involvement with study hall condition under the oversight of instructor upgrades the learning procedure. Isolating the class into various gatherings comprise of talented, quick students, normal understudies and beneath normal understudies is useful for the understudy network to build up their language aptitudes. In addition, pair and gathering work encourages the educator to give singular regard for every single understudy. Gathering the understudies by considering their capacity or language capability isn't popularity based however it prompts the disappointment of study hall guidance on and assignments detailed by the educator. This view has been upheld in crafted by Genesee (1994, p.186). The conventional method of study hall guidance dependent on the instructor isn't majority rule. In this circumstance, the educator is addressing and the understudies are unimportant audience members.

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed!

Microsoft Word Tips Adjusting Text Alignment - Get Proofed! Altering Text Alignment Great designing is significant. All things considered, you need your content to be anything but difficult to peruse, so it should be introduced on the page (or screen) obviously and reliably. What's more, content arrangement is a major piece of this. In this post, at that point, we’re seeing how to change the content arrangement in Microsoft Word. Modifying Text Alignment The arrangement alternatives in MS Word control how content is situated corresponding to the page edges. This can be controlled through the â€Å"Paragraph† segment of the â€Å"Home† tab on the strip. From left to right: Align Left, Center, Align Right, and Justify. From left to right, you have four arrangement choices accessible. These are: Adjust Left †Used to adjust the content to one side edge Focus †Used to situate message halfway on the page Adjust Right †Used to adjust the content to the correct edge Legitimize †Used to spread content equally over the page so the primary word on each line starts at the left edge and the final word closes at the correct edge To apply arranging, basically select the pertinent content (or spot the cursor where you need to type) and select an arrangement alternative. Then again, you can choose the content you need to alter and tap the bolt in the base corner of the â€Å"Paragraph† segment to open another window. You would then be able to choose a choice from the dropdown â€Å"Alignment† menu and snap â€Å"OK.† The Paragraph menu. Which Option Should You Use? For the primary body of your work, you have two fundamental choices: Align Left and Justify. Legitimize is well known on the grounds that it makes flawless squares of content, so it looks clean. It is likewise helpful on the off chance that you have numerous sections of content on the page (this is the reason papers and magazines regularly utilize defended content). Adjust Left is the default for a great many people, however, especially in the distributing business. This is on the grounds that it’s simple to peruse and forestalls â€Å"rivers† (i.e., vertical clear spaces) showing up in the content. Content arrangement choices. In many archives, Center ought to be put something aside for headings and subheadings. You may likewise utilize it for short sections that should be separate from the encompassing content. In any case, on the off chance that you have to introduce a more drawn out section in the page, for example, a square statement, you should utilize the indent alternatives rather than arrangement. Adjust Right, in the mean time, isn't utilized for much by any stretch of the imagination. There are some uncommon events when it is helpful, for example, for situating an inscription comparative with a picture. Ordinarily, however, it just makes things harder to peruse. The key with arranging in any report, be that as it may, is lucidity and consistency. The best arrangement choice to pick is in this manner the one that makes your archive as simple to peruse as could be expected under the circumstances. In the event that you need a little help with your designing, however, connect to perceive how we can help.

Word of the Week! Vestigial Richmond Writing

Word of the Week! Vestigial Richmond Writing Dr. Joe Hoyle in our Business School came to the rescue again today, with a word that I associate with tail, for some bizarre neuron-event that burned the image into my head, perhaps when reading Philip K. Dicks science fiction or during a daydreaming session in a high-school Biology class. Yes, we humans have the last remnant of a tail at the tips of our spines. That final bone is our coccyx. The OED, as usual, gives more nuance here; something vestigial is not merely a remnant but one that survives in degenerate, atrophied, or imperfect condition or form.   That string of adjectives says it all. If some island were the last vestige of a sunken continent, then it becomes vestigial. Though of Latin origin, the usage proves recent; the OED does not date our word before the mid-19th Century. Our bodies are full of vestigial organs and other features, no longer needed as humans evolved: the appendix, our wisdom teeth, and more as detailed in this piece about vestigiality. Writers beware of one issue: some Google searches for synonyms turned up immature or unformed. The latter might work, for something like the coccyx. But the former word implies that the subject might mature one day. Though not all eggs become chicks and chickens, neither egg nor chick is a vestigial chicken. An eggshell, however, is the last vestige of an egg. Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. image of appendix courtesy of  Wikipedia Commons.

An Emergency Action Plan Free Essay Example, 1250 words

Advancement in technology like intelligence, PCs, inspection, and scouting requirements for emergency responders serve as the cutting edge benefit and a compulsory requirement to face the repercussions of a terrorist incident or a disaster. Military forces are bound to keep themselves updated every now and then to cope up with the pace of the demanding sector. The first stage of the process is to prevent, control and rectify security violations. A well-defined policy should be established to address the technology requirements followed by developing, implementing and maintaining a comprehensive program related to continuous technological advancement containing administrative, mechanical and material technological assets safety procedures. The procedure of technology maintenance for an emergency situation is to conduct a check on a regular basis on whether the machinery and equipment are in proper order or not. Back up types of equipment should be in place so that any troubleshooting machinery can be timely replaced. Various resources are undertaken to ensure that the military system is technologically updated including; technology handbook containing standard procedures and design information, technical specifications and technological standards. Team leaders are responsible to make the best decisions at the time of emergency which is only possible if they possess reliable information and good intelligence. We will write a custom essay sample on An Emergency Action Plan or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The procedure includes three steps namely; advice, alert and demobilize. The first stage is usually a precautionary stage which deals with providing merely the available resources and may include possible hazards.

Definition and Examples of Paired Constructions

The Psychological Effect of Abortion on Women Free Essays

{draw:g} Natasha Joseph Ms. Powell College Writing 2 Thesis: The psychological effect of abortion on women? What is Abortion? The termination of an early pregnancy. Is it a health risk? Why do many have abortions? Pro-Life vs. We will write a custom essay sample on The Psychological Effect of Abortion on Women? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Pro-Choice When life does begin? Should abortion be illegal? How does abortion affect your health? Signs of complications after abortion Physically and Mentally The Psychological effect of Abortion on women. Conclusion What is Abortion? One of the most controversial issues in the United States is abortion. Abortion is the termination of pregnancy after twelve weeks of gestation (Wikipedia. com). Some miscarriage and stillbirths can be defined as accidental abortion. There are many different methods in having an abortion. Some induced abortions are performed using one of several methods. The safest and most useful and appropriate method is determined by the age of the fetus, or the length of pregnancy, which is calculated from the beginning of the pregnant woman’s last menstrual period. Most pregnancies last an average of 39 to 40 weeks, about 9 months. So abortions are performed in the first trimester of the pregnancy because it is easier and safer because the fetus is much smaller. When terminating a pregnancy they are often health risk such as breast cancer, Cervical or ovarian cancers and could cause labor complication later in life if you decide to have a child. The more abortion you have the more it increases the change of health problems. So before you have an abortion you should look at other choices like adoption. The majority of abortions are mostly due to the fact of teenage pregnancy. There are many reason people have abortions. Some of the reasons are they are unable to take care of a child financially, not ready to raise a child, have a abusive relationship with their partner and they don’t want to bring a child into the kind of atmosphere, have been a victim of rape and finally having a child would have serious health complication. Pro-life vs. Pro-choice Abortion has been a conflict between the pro-life and pro-choice movement. The question is when does life begins? Life begins at the conception when the egg is fertilized by the sperm. The pro-life moments considers undeveloped human life is sacred and must be protected by the government. They want abortion to illegal everywhere regardless of the circumstances. When groups of the pro-life and pro-choice debate on abortion they overlook the fact the many women who have abortion have no choice in the matter. There are many who have abortions just to do so but most have no other options available to them but to terminate a life that they may not want to. A lot of people are debating whether or not abortion should be illegal but who have the right to tell you what to do with your body. Many believe that abortion is murder no matter when a person believes life becomes official. There are many reasons abortion should be illegal including the descriptive and disturbing stories about how aborted babies sometime scream as they come out and the looks of pain on their faces. The health threat to the mother after going through with the procedure as well as the lifelong health risks that remain should be good enough reasons abortion should be illegal. With the rising healthcare costs and instance of disease greater than the medical ability to solve the problems, continued health remains important to all people. Self induced problems such as voluntary termination of pregnancy leads to complications for future pregnancies, reproductive disease, and depression. There many couples available for adopting these children by way of impotence by one or both people this is another option beside having an abortion How abortion does affect your life? Abortion is a life changing event for most women not just a medical procedure which can cause physical, spiritual and emotional consequences. When you get an abortion some risk are involved as with any operation. Some of the risk include heavy bleeding with is cause when the cervix is being torn or punctured after the operation. Any risk is an infection that is caused when some of the fetus is left inside of the womb and cause you to have a pelvic infection. Sometimes you can have an incomplete abortion where unwanted fetal parts left inside the uterus and this can lead to a hysterectomy which is the removal of the uterus. After abortion at least 50% of women are affected by breast cancer. Many women suffer with emotional and psychological problems after experiencing abortion. Some of these problems are depression; acute feeling of grief and fear of disclosure, eating disorders, suicide tendencies, anxiety and also increased consumption of alcohol and drugs. These are some of the risks involved in abortion. So think before you go for an abortion surgery. Avoid abortion, unless and until it is obligatory in terms of your health and you were a victim of abused. The psychological effect of abortion on women Most women feel some relief immediately after the abortion procedure, though there is often sadness as well. Natural hormonal changes related to pregnancy can cause a woman to feel more emotional than usual. Post-abortive women may experience a variety of feelings, including sadness, anger, regret, guilt, or even numbness. Women who have experienced abortion often report symptoms typical of depressive and anxiety disorders, such as sleeplessness, tearfulness, anxiety, hopelessness, irritability, and an inability to concentrate. These problems can be confounded by relationship difficulties that are often both a cause and effect of the abortion decision. The disorder of having negative effects after an abortion is called Post Abortion Syndrome or PAS. (Allied Action Inc. 996, 1). Although many women experience these problems for only a short period, many others have emotional difficulties for a long period after the abortion. These may manifest as clinical depression, an anxiety disorder, substance abuse, an eating disorder, or sexual difficulties. Women who already have problems such as these before an abortion may have a worsening of symptoms as a result of the abortion. Such difficultie s can last for months or even years. (Allied Action Inc. 1996, 1). Conclusion Many women have an abortion for different reasons. The majority of abortions that occurs within the United States are that of Teenagers and single young adults. Abortion is one of the most controversy topics today in Society and Politics. Abortion is a women right to choose what is best for her. Although at time I think there should be some restrictions on Abortions; whereas abortions should only be given to women in serious cases such as if your health is at risk or you have been a victim of rape or any form of abuse. You should think seriously before you have an abortion because it is a life altering decision. Works Cited Hutchison. â€Å"A Feminist Approach to Post-Abortion Counseling†. Herizons, June 1997: 23-24 Reardon, David c. Abortion Risks and Complications, (1997), 2000 Elliot Institute. Retrieved July 28, 2009. http://www. afterabortion. org/physica. html Stacey, Dawn, Abortion Procedures, (July 09, 2009) Retrieved July 28, 2009. http://contraception. about. com/od/contraceptionfailure/a/aboutabortion_2. htm Allied Action Inc. Post Abortion Syndrone, 1996 The National Office of Post-Abortion Reconciliation and Healing Impact of Abortion on the Family; IRLF Newsletter, 1993 How to cite The Psychological Effect of Abortion on Women?, Papers

Mixed Blood Success

Question: Why it is that Aboriginal people who have 'mixed blood' are the ones who succeed in life? Answer: Introduction: The question that has been provided suggests that those Aboriginal people that have mixed blood are the ones who are most likely to be successful in life. The concepts that have led people to believe that the mixed bloods are usually a success will be analyzed. The question will be deconstructed so that the potential of a wider perspective can be unveiled. The reasons that lie beneath the framing of this question and the assumptions surrounding it will be discussed as well. Australia is stated to be amongst the richest countries in the world owing to the fact that it has a small population on a large land with the presence of numerous resources (Flood, 2006). Yet it has a race of people, the aboriginals who have received unfair treatment since their own land was snatched away from them by the Europeans. The Stolen Generations The stolen Generation was responsible for creating turmoil in the lives of the Aboriginal people. It snatched away their real identity and the only link that they possessed for their own culture. It has been responsible for damaging several lives of aboriginals and even though time has passed these wounds caused by the stolen generations is yet to heal. In the year 1830 (Burgess and Myers, 2002) children were removed from their families with the sole aim of eradication of the aboriginal culture. This was done as per the orders of the government of Australia. Here those children who were of mixed blood, that is either of the parent was indigenous the child was removed from the family with the children being as young as newly born. The main reason behind this removal of children was that they would be taken in by the colonial settlers and it would prevent their biological parents to further spread their cultures and traditions from being passed down to generations (Crehan, 1999). The a uthorities thought that removal of these mixed blood children would help to assimilate them into the so called White society and they would be able to merge successfully with the non indigenous people and live normal lives. The Assimilation policy was created by the Australian government that led the aboriginals to abandon their lifestyle and live in the cities. They were expected to forget all about their roots, culture and their langue and become one of the non indigenous, however the policy did not provide the mixed bloods and the aboriginals with equivalent rights as the white Australians and because of issues of racial discrimination, they were made to stay in housing areas that lacked services (Haebich, 2011). They were denied the rights of education, proper medical facilities and jobs thus making them lag behind the rapidly evolving white Australians. Impact of Colonization The impact of colonization by the Europeans caused the aboriginals to be removed from their own lands. As a majority of the aborigines live their lives as hunters and nomads they were subjected to starvation. This was due to the fact that colonization stopped them from looking for food and moving through their land freely (Roberts et al., 1994). Those who made it were turned into slaves and the entire tribe was washed out. After colonization the aboriginal population declined rapidly. And the main reasons for this drastic drop were because of new diseases, accusation of their lands and the conflict that was created between the colonizers and the aboriginals (Taco, 2016). Blood Quantum Theory The blood quantum theory made an appearance in Australia in the early 1900s and it gave the white colonizers to believe that they had the ability to measure how diluted the aboriginals were. It gave them the privilege to determine that the increasing aboriginal population and the mixed bloods (a result of sexual liaisons that took place amongst the indigenous women and the white men, their children were the mixed bloods) (Shoemaker, 2003). It created moral panic but most importantly it led to the debunking of the colonial myth that provided answers for a race that was dying out. However there was a need for a new imagining. Hence the aboriginals were quantified as per the amount of blood of aboriginals and whites that they had in them. Namely the full bloods, half castes, quadroons and the quarter castes. The blood quantum thus gave them a framework to discuss aboriginality and it was mainly through the color of the individual skin that the content of aboriginal blood was assessed (E llinghaus, 2009). It thus led to contradictions in understanding the real identities and the mixed bloods were looked as those people who had inherited the evilness that was prevalent in the two races. Those who had a higher content of white blood had chances to become Europeans and live better lives while those who had full aboriginal blood were left to return to their primordial lives. In conclusion, the impact that racism has created on aboriginals through forms of assimilations, the creation of the stolen generations, the policies against the indigenous and colonization has brought immense harm to the population of aboriginals. They still face problems in gaining equality in terms of opportunity and quality of life. Despite being constantly exterminated from the Australian society, the aborigines have show commendable resistance towards the laws that colonization got along with it (Flood, 2006). Thus being able to preserve its culture till date however changes and success that can be brought about to the mixed blood and the aboriginals is something that is largely dependent upon the changes that can be made in the laws of the country. References Burgess, C. and Myers, J. (2002).Stolen generations. Roseville, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill Australia. Crehan, A. (1999). The Stolen Generations.Professional Ethics, A Multidisciplinary Journal, 7(3), pp.49-65. Ellinghaus, K. (2009). Biological Absorption and Genocide: A Comparison of Indigenous Assimilation Policies in the United States and Australia.Genocide Studies and Prevention, 4(1), pp.59-79. Flood, J. (2006).The original Australians. Crows Nest, N.S.W.: Allen Unwin. Haebich, A. (2011). Forgetting Indigenous Histories: Cases from the History of Australia's Stolen Generations.Journal of Social History, 44(4), pp.1033-1046. Roberts, R., Jones, R., Spooner, N., Head, M., Murray, A. and Smith, M. (1994). The human colonisation of Australia: optical dates of 53,000 and 60,000 years bracket human arrival at Deaf Adder Gorge, Northern Territory.Quaternary Science Reviews, 13(5-7), pp.575-583. Shoemaker, N. (2003). Sturm, Circe. Blood Politics: Race, Culture, and Identity in the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002.Comp. Stud. Soc. Hist., 45(01). Taco, R. (2016).Impact of colonisation on Aboriginal people in Australia.. [online] prezi.com. Available at: https://prezi.com/vrbmcpdjynlb/impact-of-colonisation-on-aboriginal-people-in-australia/ [Accessed 5 Aug. 2016].

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Shakespeares Schooling and Early Years

Shakespeare's Schooling and Early Years What was William Shakespeares school life like? What school did he attend? Was he top of the class? Unfortunately, there is very little evidence remaining, so historians have pulled together multiple sources to give a sense of what his school life would have been like. Shakespeare's School Life Fast Facts William Shakespeare attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Stratford-upon-AvonHe started there when he was seven.Little is known about his young life at the school, but it is possible to ascertain what life would have been like for him by looking at what school life was like in those days. Grammar School Grammar schools were all over the country at that time and were attended by boys of similar backgrounds to Shakespeare’s. There was a national curriculum set out by the monarchy. Girls were not permitted to attend school, so we will never know the potential of Shakespeare’s sister Anne, for example. She would have stayed home and helped Mary, his mother, with the household chores. It is believed that William Shakespeare would have probably attended school with his younger brother Gilbert, who was two years his junior. But his younger brother Richard would have missed out on a grammar school education because the Shakespeares were experiencing financial problems at the time and they could not afford to send him. So the educational and future successes of Shakespeare depended on his parents affording to send him to get an education. Many others were not so fortunate. Shakespeare himself missed out on a full education as we shall later discover. Shakespeare’s school is still a grammar school today, and is attended by boys who have passed their 11 exams. They accept the very top percentage of boys who have done well in their exams. The School Day The school day was long and monotonous. Children attended school from Monday until Saturday from 6 or 7 oclock in the morning until 5 or 6 oclock at night with a two hour break for dinner. On his day off, Shakespeare would have been expected to attend church. It being a Sunday, there was very little free time, as the church service would go on for hours at a time! Holidays only took place on religious days, but these would not exceed one day. Curriculum Physical Education was not on the curriculum at all. Shakespeare would have been expected to learn long passages of Latin prose and poetry. Latin was the language used in most respected professions including the law, medicine and in the clergy. Latin was, therefore, the mainstay of the curriculum. Students would have been versed in grammar, rhetoric, logic, astronomy, and arithmetic. Music was also part of the curriculum. Students would have been regularly tested and physical punishments would have been given out to those who did not do well. Financial Troubles John Shakespeare was having financial problems by the time Shakespeare was a teenager and Shakespeare and his brother were forced to leave school as their father could no longer pay for it. Shakespeare was 14 at the time. The Spark for a Career At the end of the term, the school would put on classical plays in which the boys would perform. It is entirely possible that this is where Shakespeare honed his acting skills and knowledge of plays and classical stories. Many of his plays and poems are based on classical texts, including Troilus and Cressida and The Rape of Lucrece. In Elizabethan times, children were seen as miniature adults, and were trained to take on an adult’s place and occupation. Girls would have been put to work at home mending clothes, cleaning and cooking, boys would have been introduced to their father’s profession or worked as farm hands. Shakespeare may have been employed as such by the Hathaway’s, this may have been how he met Anne Hathaway.  We lose track of him after he leaves school at 14, and the next thing we know is that he is married to Anne Hathaway. Children were married off early. This is reflected in Romeo and Juliet. Juliet is 14 and Romeo is a similar age.

Microeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Microeconomics - Essay Example The theory of â€Å"invisible hand† proposed by the father of economics, Adam Smith, refers to this theory of price. According to Smith, prices are the sacrifice made by customers in order to make a utility gain through consumption of the good or service and the gain made by producers by selling the product that they have produced. Therefore, any rational consumer would be willing to make lesser sacrifice for a comparatively larger amount of gain. On the other hand, producers or sellers would desire to be willing to earn more by selling their product than the sacrifice they have made during producing the good. The market comes to equilibrium at the point at which both the decisions regarding buying and selling the good intersect with one another. This phenomenon is termed as the invisible hand, since the market operates without intervention by any third party (Mankiw 26). Figure: Free market equilibrium (Source: Author’s creation) Three important functions are played by price mechanism in a competitive market economy. These are signaling function, rationalling function and incentive function. Signaling function Prices of goods and services in a competitive market economy demonstrate the rate of availability or scarcity of resources in the market. It indicates whether resource is allocated adequately in different sectors in the economy (Adil 71). In the long run, high price level signals producers to enter the market, while customers are signaled to leave the market and look for cheaper substitutes. Therefore, supply rise and demand falls. Figure: Signaling effect (Source: Author’s creation) Rationalling function Prices can ration scarce resources when market demand is much higher than market supply. If market demand is higher, price would rise, thereby making the good available to those customers only that have the demand for the good backed by purchasing power. It helps to bring the market to equilibrium from a position of disequilibrium b y equaling demand with supply (Boyes and ?Michael 26). Incentive function Price mechanism plays an active and important role in the market economy. Price of a good is the incentive for both buyer and seller to buy or sell the product. For successful running of a competitive market, prices should be efficient enough to incentive the economic agents to involve into economic transactions. Figure: Rationing and incentive effect (Source: Author’s creation) If there is excess demand it raises price. Incentive effect allows suppliers to increase supply while rationalling effect makes buyers to reduce demand. This leads to a new equilibrium (from e to e2). Answer 2: Demand and supply are two basic forces that operate in a competitive market structure. Price plays an important role in determining the equilibrium quantity of demand and supply in this type of economy. Although economic theory simplistically states that there is negative relationship between price of a product and its de mand and positive relationship between price of the product and its supply; there is a difference between expansion and increase in demand or supply for a good or service and contraction or decrease in demand or supply for a good or service (Friedman 13). Expansion or contraction in demand or supply Demand (or supply) can change either due to change in price of the good (or service) or due to change in other variables affecting price.

Week 4 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Week 4 - Research Paper Example They utilize hooks to hold their tunics together (Clark 34). It is a taboo for men designed trousers to bear rumples (or creases). All married men ought to grow beards. Their garments dimensions are also a subject to their unique Ordnung family they belong (Clark 17). They also wed their relatives. Those who attempt to wed outside their fellow Amish are subject to excommunication. The Amish also have elevated rates of infant deaths accruing from genetic disorders which are passed to generations though their population retains stability despite the vast infant deaths (Clark 24). The Amish approach almost every life aspect with a â€Å"plain simplicity attitude†. This â€Å"simplicity† is depicted in the manner they handle individual tasks each at a time. They always bid their time when executing a distinct task and hold on it until it’s complete prior to attempting a subsequent task. They also regard variant types of work (or jobs) with equal balance. As a result, their overall life is summed up by a tranquil and relaxed lifestyle. In Genesis 3:19, God reveals his wrath after Adam and Eve contravened to his word. Adam and Eve had consumed the fruit from the â€Å"tree of knowledge† which they had been a forewarned by God not to consume. God affirms in this verse that work is a prerequisite for mankind survival. God also affirms that work is an inextricable part of human nature. In addition, God points out that work will always be accompanied by extreme exhausting hard labour. The overall meaning of this verse would imply that mankind is incomplete void of work. In 1962, Dorothy Day birthed a movement which campaigned for equal treatment upon the Catholic workers. She also deployed The Catholic worker journal to expose chief essential aspects which the contemporaneous society at the time contravened with (Falk & Rita 89). The aforementioned journal points out Days’ philanthropic devotion to spark societal change which resulted in the

Influence Of Sales Promotion Impulse Purchase Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay

Influence Of Sales Promotion Impulse Purchase Buying Behaviour Marketing Essay Purpose The purpose of this dissertation is to find out the influence of sales promotion on impulse purchase buying behaviour. This research is focused on the grocery retailer Tesco. Findings- From this study, it has been understood that sales promotions have a major influence on the impulse purchasing behaviour of consumers. It has also been verified that price promotion is the most influencing factor of sales promotion, which drives consumers towards impulse purchase. Conclusions and recommendations at the end of this research will be useful for students who study consumer buying behaviour and for retailers to implement a strategy for sales promotion. Originality/Value: Previous researches that has been carried out about impulse purchase has been influence of culture, mood etc. The function of this research is to find the influence of sales promotion on impulse purchase, which is important especially during the current economic recession. Introduction: This section of the dissertation outlines the research topic the researcher chose to study as part of his Masters in Business Administration (International) in Dublin Business School. This section is divided into the following parts. Background of the research Suitability of the researcher and interest in subject Research Objectives and Hypotheses Approach to the dissertation Recipients of the research Organisation of the research Scope and limitations of the study Background of the research: Ones own personal shopping experiences verify that occasionally we go into a store with no planned purchases in mind. Usually, however we go into a store planning to buy one or more specific items. Sometimes we know that those planned items are offered at a sale price, sometimes they are at regular price, and sometimes a mixture of both. We usually have an idea how much it will cost and how many of them we plan to buy. However, once we are in the store, we sometimes buy all we planned to buy; sometimes we buy more than we planned to buy. This would have happened because of something that stimulated us inside the store. It could be because of various reasons like sales promotions or store atmospherics or uniqueness of the product. This study is based on the influence of sales promotions on unplanned purchases like this called impulse purchase. Consumers buying behaviour is based on the needs of the consumer. This goes down to the basic level of consumer needs developed by Maslow(1971). He suggested a hierarchy of needs from the most basic to the most civilised one. Physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualisation needs. To satisfy the needs, consumer buys things and this study is on the consumer buying behaviour. The consumer buying behaviour goes through a five sequential steps that is explained in the literature review of this article. Practically, when a consumer feels the need for buying things, he/she goes for shopping. There are many types of shops available, but the retail shop is where consumers can buy the things that they need for daily life. The concept of retail shops are now changing with the evolution of large supermarkets. Retail shops are now becoming one-stop-shops called super markets, offering vast number of product categories and services ranging from fruits and vegetables, off-licence, bakery, butcher facilities and even pharmaceuticals. It is a common fact that the large grocery stores and super markets have an unfair advantage over small players, by using a low cost selling, which the small convenience stores struggle to match. The Irish grocery retail market has evolved with many changes over the last few years. Tesco is one of the main players that exist in Irish grocery retail market. Organisations have started changing the methods of their grocery business over the last decade. There are innovations coming in the market everyday to attract new consumers and to retain them for a long period. Sales promotion is a quick way to strengthen the sales of an organisation. According to Kotler(2003), sales promotion is a key ingredient in marketing campaign which consists of diverse collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of a particular products or services by consumers or trade. It is one of the effective methods in creating savings to the regular grocery shoppers. For retailers, the sales promotion is an excellent opportunity to promote their products in bulk thereby increase profit margins and consumer loyalty. There are various sales promotion tools used by the retailers, price promotion being one of them. Price promotions help the consumers to buy their goods for a reduced price. There are various types of p romotions which are described in the literature. A phenomenon called impulse purchase is considered as different form of consumer buying action. Impulse purchasing is a phenomenon by which a consumer experiences a sudden and often persistent urge to buy something immediately (Rook, 1987). It is an enigma in the marketing world, which accounts for substantial volume of goods sold every year. It is said that 80 percent of all purchases in some particular goods categories is made through impulse purchase. Virvialite(2009) based on Kacen and Lee(2002).This is a widely used by the retailers as they attract the consumers to buy things impulsively. At the present market conditions, when market competition is high and all types of companies apply promotion in their activities, stimulation of impulse purchasing in the market of consumer goods may become a strong competitive advantage. We go through this phenomenon in our daily life, knowingly or unknowingly. It is the feeling that one cannot resist at that moment, which are affected many fa ctors. An example of this would be when we see an advertisement in the store where it says Half Price sale, Was à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬3.99, Now à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬1.99. The aim of this study is to study the influence of sales promotion on impulse purchase. This research determines if the consumers go for an impulse purchase, if there are sales promotions. There is also a second part to this research which determines if the price promotion is the most important factor in sales promotion that leads the consumer to impulse purchase. This study is an important one considering the current economic climate. In this recessionary period, consumers who are doing grocery shopping actually care for the price factor and look for goods that are value for money. This study establishes the relation between sales promotion and impulse purchase. 2. Suitability of the researcher and the interest in the subject: The researcher is an engineering graduate in Information Technology. The researcher has four years of work experience in I.T and business fields. Researcher has a family business back India, which deals with retail and wholesale trading of steel products. The researcher was taking care of business for one year before coming to Ireland and has an idea of what is happening in the real business world. The ultimate career goal is to take over the family business and expand it with more concentration on retail sector. This study on consumer buying behaviour will certainly help the researcher in achieving this goal. The researcher is currently working in the retail sector and has observed many consumers going for impulse purchase because of the sales promotions. The researcher himself has fallen into the trap of impulse purchase when doing the grocery shopping on many occasions. This has specifically happened after the researcher came to Ireland where there are more sales promotions than seen elsewhere. This curiosity of the researcher encouraged to do a research on the influence of sales promotion on impulse purchase. Organisation chosen for the research: This research is conducted in Tesco, one of the biggest grocery retailers in Ireland. Tesco was founded by Jack Cohenand in 1919 and developed its first super market in 1956. They have come a long way through and now is the fourth largest retailer in the world, measured by revenues and second largest measured by profits. Tesco has its base at The United Kingdom and is spread across 14 countries all over the world. The company started its operations in Ireland as Tesco Ireland in 1997. The theme Every Little Helps is very popular in Ireland. Tesco has almost all the services that is needed in our daily life, including groceries, bakery, clothing, and mobile network. The researcher chose Tesco for the research because of he considers it as the best place where the study of sales promotion and impulse purchasing can be done in the context of a grocery-shopping environment. The research takes place in Tesco, Parnell Street in Dublin, Ireland. 3. Research Topic: Influence of sales promotion on impulse purchasing behaviour in the context of a grocery store. The aim of this research is to find out the influence of sales promotional activities on impulse buying behaviour in the context of a grocery retail store. With this purpose, the research will be conducted in Tesco, Parnell Street, Dublin, Ireland. This research focuses on answering the following questions: 1. Do sales promotional activities in store have a major influence on consumers impulse buying behaviour? 2. Is price promotion the major factor in sales promotion, which drives the consumers towards impulse purchase? Objectives: In order to answer each of these questions, the researcher came out with the following objectives. To identify the sales promotional activities in the store To find out if consumers actually go for an impulse purchase and the most influencing factor that affects it To determine if price promotion is the most influencing factor of sales promotion and if consumer purchase low priced items during impulse buying To justify this research, and to obtain the answer for the research questions, certain assumptions were made initially. Two hypotheses were developed which needs to be proved or disapproved. Hypothesis: H1: Sales promotional activities in the store have a major influence on customers impulse buying behaviour H2: Price promotion is the most influencing factor of sales promotion, which drives consumers towards impulse purchase. Approach to the Dissertation: The objectives derived will be obtained systematically in the research. Firstly, the secondary research is conducted using relevant sources to understand the research problem area in depth. Various sources like journals, textbooks, magazines and websites will be used in accordance with academic regulations. Primary research is carried out next with the help of self-administered questionnaires and focus group interviews. The quantitative data obtained through questionnaires are then analysed with the help of appropriate statistical tool and the result will be drawn. The hypotheses will then be tested with the results obtained and will proved or disapproved. Conclusions will be made and recommendations will be proposed based on the results. Recipients of the research: There are five recipients of the research that is conducted as part of Masters in Business Administration (International) in Dublin Business School. They are as follows: Dublin Business School where this researcher is a full time student studying for his qualification Liverpool John Moores university, who provides the qualification which the student is studying for Mrs. Linda Moran, who is dissertation supervisor, who guided the author through research process to date Staff and management of Tesco Ireland Ltd, who gave the permission for the research to be conducted on them Anybody who has interest in marketing specifically consumer buying behaviour, sales promotion and impulse purchase Organisation of the Research: Chapter 1: Introduction This section of the dissertation introduces the background of the research, the suitability of the researcher and the interest in the topic.   This section also states the research objectives and hypotheses. Further, it gives a brief description about how the research is carried out. This section also mentions the recipients of the research and also about the scope and limitations of the research.   Chapter 2: Literature Review This section the researcher critically reviews the literature which provides the theoretical background to the study. In the first section, the consumer buying behaviour is described in general. Further, the researcher introduces the concept of impulse purchase. The next section explains the sales promotions and its different types. The final section describes the relation between sales promotion and impulse purchase. Chapter 3: Research Methodology This section describes the research methodology adopted for undertaking the research. This chapter begins with the research onion proposed by Saunders et al.(2007) and proceeds layer by layer beginning from research philosophy towards data analysis. The justification of population and sampling method used are also discussed later. Chapter 4: Data analysis and Findings. This section describes the findings from the data analysis with the help of focus groups and questionnaire. Chapter 5: Conclusion and Recommendations. The section integrates the concepts of theories discussed in the literature review earlier and incorporates them with the data analysis and findings. The section concludes the research by providing justifications for proving or disapproving hypotheses. Recommendations are made and can be utilised by retailers and consumers for further studies. Chapter 6: Self Reflection on Own Learning and Performance. The section describes the researchers learning process and performance over the course of the International MBA programme. This section also describes the researchers development of various skills during the course. Chapter 7: Bibliography The section provides the list of various books, academic journals and websites that have been used in the dissertation. Harvard referencing system is used to reference the sources used. Chapter 8: Appendices Appendix includes the final questionnaire and project management Gantt chart. Major contributions of the study: Scope and Limitations of the research: The main limitation of this study is faced during the primary research. The sample size taken for this study is a small population and of consumers of Tesco, Parnell Street. The results and conclusions are based on a single store and cannot be used for generalisation. Another issue that the researcher faced while conducting the primary research is the biasing problem. The researcher has remained neutral to his best of the ability while conducting the focus group interviews and questionnaires. The study being cross sectional is only relevant for a particular period of the present research. Any future changes in consumers attitudes can alter the results of present research.

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society :: Cunningham Hours Essays

The Hours: A Story of Three Women Trapped in the Roles of Society Many books have been written about women and their problems in life. "The Hours" is not just about women, It is a novel about life. It is about contemporary American society. "The Hours is about passion, depression, obsession and especially the ways women are shaped ,hindered and occasionally even inspired by masculine structures and expectations that engulf them"(1) It is a story that tells us how the behavior of mother can affect the life of a child. Three lives are intertwined through time and space to create a dynamic story. The book shows Laura depicting aspects of Woolf"s personality. They were both suffering from depression. Woolf committed suicide while Laura contemplated suicide. The effects of masculine structures and expectations from women pervade throughout the story. Virginia Woolf remains in Richmond because her husband is obeying the doctors even though she obviously dislikes Richmond. Laura was so devastated because she could not make the perfect cake for her husband. She was trying to play the role of the perfect mother and wife even though she was very unhappy. Clarrisan Vaughan spent so much time planning for a party that Richard did not want to attend. It is obvious that the women will keep themselves unhappy just to satisfy the needs of the men they are involved with. The only person who went against the grain was Laura Brown when she left her son . According to Ebert, Roger "Virginia and Leonard Woolf loved each other, Clarrisan treasures both of her lovers. But for the two in the movi e who cannot love, The price is devastating"(3).The effect is shown in how Richie, the little boy became Richard, the man that finally committed suicide to save himself from aids. Perhaps, If the mother had shown more love and had connected more to him, his life would have ended differently. "It is our great sadness and defeat when we can't connect because of madness or sadness of the soul or because of selfishness"(Vognar 2). This is depicted in both Virginia and Laura's life. The effect was suicide in Virginia's case and Laura abandoning her home. This ultimately led to Richard's death. It is interesting to note that only Laura survived in the family.

Toyota Production System -Business and Marketing Strategy, Swot Analysis and Its Implementation Plan

{draw:g} Contents Executive Summary *â€Å"Toyota Service Management and Project Implementation Plan*† Report provides the complete analysis of Toyota and its Production System. The report includes the brief history about organisation and consists of a comprehensive description about Toyota Production System (TPS). Further we have analysed the Business and Marketing strategy of the Toyota and performed the â€Å"SWOT† analysis in order to understand the strengths, weaknesses of the organisation and also threats to the organisation. The information that had been gathered via various means of the overall Business functioning of Toyota has been transformed graphically into â€Å"Blueprint† that helps us to have a better picture of Toyota’s business. Blueprint of Toyota has been embedded as a major part of the report. On the basis of analysis and blueprint a project plan has been devised to implement the project in a new location. The Project plan has been developed using MS Project and report encompasses the Activity on Node Diagram (Network Diagram) and Gantt Chart to give a detail explanation of the project implementation by breaking down the implementation process into different phases. Finally the report includes financial statements that include the Balance Sheet and Cash Flow sheet to implicate the financial transactions and cost the project would imply on organisation for starting a new venture in Melbourne. The Purpose of this report is to Analyse a Service Industry, its Business and marketing strategy, develop a blueprint, devise a project plan and financial budget for successful implementation of the company in Melbourne using various statistical and organizational information available. History and Background Toyota Motor Corporation is a multinational company headquartered in Japan and it is one of the best car selling companies in the world. The company was founded in the year 1937 by a successful businessman – Mr. Kiichiro Toyoda. [1] Toyota Group is the largest group of industries in the world. Toyota Industries develops and manufactures automobiles and automobile-related products, such as vehicles, engines, car air-conditioning compressors, car electronics components and devices, and stamping dies. In the vehicle and engine businesses Toyota has achieved a top-class level of quality and productivity within the Toyota Group and is contributing to Toyota Motor Corporation's car production. 9] Toyota employs the expertise it has mainly accumulated through its automobile manufacturing business to conduct business in a variety of other fields including housing, finance, communications, GAZOO, marine, and biotechnology and afforestation. [10] {text:list-item} Toyota's management philosophy has evolved from the company's origins and has been reflected in the terms â€Å"Lean Manufacturing† and Just In Time Production, which it was instrumental in developing. The Toyota Way has four components: Long-term thinking as a basis for management decisions. A process for problem-solving. Adding value to the organization by developing its people. Recognizing that continuously solving root problems drives organizational learning. The Toyota Way incorporates the Toyota Production System. [2] {text:list-item} Toyota has long been recognised as an industry leader in manufacturing and production. Regardless of the origin, the principles, described in Toyota's management philosophy, The Toyota way, are as follows: Base your management decisions on a long-term philosophy, even at the expense of short-term goals Create continuous process flow to bring problems to the surface Use â€Å"pull† systems to avoid overproduction Level out the workload Build a culture of stopping to fix problems, to get quality right the first time Standardized tasks are the foundation for continuous improvement and employee empowerment Use visual control so no problems are hidden Use only reliable, thoroughly tested technology that serves your people and processes Grow leaders who thoroughly understand the work, live the philosophy, and teach it to others 10. Develop exceptional people and teams who follow your company’s philosophy 11. Respect your extended network of partners and suppliers by challenging them and helping them improve 12. Go and see for yourself to thoroughly understand the situation (genchi genbutsu) 13. Make decisions slowly by consensus, thoroughly considering all options; implement decisions rapidly 14. Become a learning organization through relentless reflection and continuous improvement [2] Business and Marketing Strategy text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:t oc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:list-item} Toyota adopted series of globalization strategies to become a formidable contender in the global automobile market from being Japan’s number one automaker. The Business strategies have evolved over the years to earmark its global development and drive through all the steam in mist of challenges. Business Strategy currently pursued by Toyota has been described in detail: Growth Strategy by region:- Operations tailored to various conditions in each region Hybrid Vehicle (HV) Strategy: The strategy is to become number 1 selling automaker in HV market. Thus motive is to increase hybrid vehicle and unit supply capacity and making HV systems smaller and lighter and thereby reducing the cost. Management Foundation Strategy*: This is a unique strategy being adopted by Toyota for self improvement. The Binding reasons for developing these strategies are improving quality, reducing cost and developing human resources. {text:list-item} {text:list-item} Toyota has been aggressively pursuin g marketing strategy to effectively implement the business strategy. Toyota’s successes are largely due to its ability to identify growth opportunities and develop marketing strategies to capture them. Firstly, they achieved greater market penetration by marketing their cars as fuel-efficient, well-built alternatives to the gas-guzzling, problem-prone American cars. Secondly, Toyota was also able to identify new opportunities for market development and spent time on product development to tap into these markets. The results of Toyota’s product development were the creation of Lexus and Scion, brands that both offered a unique line up of cars, a unique brand philosophy, and services that target the luxury and youth market. Third, in spite of their successes in capturing new markets and achieving greater market penetration, Toyota occasionally downsizes their products such as the Celica and MR2. The goal was to make difference using sophisticated, normal way while still encompassing luxuries of everyday life. Toyota adopted marketing strategies to brand their car among the identified segmented market. [8] Marketing Strategy for Youth Toyota focuses mainly on the youth market by advertising through youth-oriented media (Rolling Stone, MTV, late-night programming), creating a flashy website to highlight their brand philosophy, and sponsoring live concerts. Not only does it specifically target the young buyers, but they also simplified their sales tactics by offering no-haggle pricing, which means that Scion dealers will not be allowed to negotiate prices or pressure a potential customer into buying, and giving their customers a high degree of vehicle customization. Because of these marketing tactics, Toyota was not only able to bring in younger customers but it also encouraged Honda and Nissan to consider introducing youth-oriented cars into their line up. [7] Marketing Strategy for US Toyota and other Japanese carmakers aggressively marketed their cars to Americans as being fuel-efficient, environmentally friendly, and having better build quality than American cars. In addition, Toyota marketed their cars as being hip and fun with memorable slogans like, â€Å"you asked for it, you got it, Toyota,† and with commercials involving young Toyota drivers jumping in the air. Toyota also decided to create a new brand because they had a reputation of being a company that only offered fun and fuel efficient compact cars. Hence they decided to launch a new car with heavy emphasis towards quality customer service. They also focussed on major metropolitan cities in US in order to maximize their revenue. 8] To sum up, Toyota is a great case study on how a company should develop, identify, and evaluate market opportunities and how to develop the right products and marketing tactics to capture such markets. SWOT Analysis Toyota Motor Corporation – SWOT analysis com pany profile is the essential source for top-level company data and information. Toyota Motor Corporation- SWOT Analysis examines the company’s key business structure and operations, history and products, and provides summary analysis of its key revenue lines and strategy. SWOT analysis provides a study of major internal and external factors affecting Toyota Motor Corporation as well as breakdown and examination of leading product revenue streams of Toyota Motor Corporation. [4] Strengths Global organization, with a strong international position in 170 countries worldwide. High financial strength (1997, sales turnover, ? 131,511 million), sales growth of 29. 3%. Strong brand image based on quality, environmental friendly (greener), customized range. Industry leader in manufacturing and production. Maximizes profit through efficient lean manufacturing approaches (e. g. Total Quality Management) and JIT (Just in Time) manufacturing and first mover in car research and development. Excellent penetration in key markets (US, China, EMEA) and now the second largest car manufacturer in the world, surpassing Ford. Weakness Japanese car manufacturer – seen as a foreign importer. Production capacity. Toyota produces most of its cars in US and Japan whereas competitors may be more strategically located worldwide to take advantage of global efficiency gains. Some criticism has been made due to large-scale re-call made in 2005, quality issues. Opportunities Innovation -first to develop commercial mass-produced hybrid gas-electric vehicles (gas and electric), e. g. Prius model. Based on advanced technologies and R&D activity. With oil prices at an all time high – this investment and widening of product portfolio fits consumers looking to alternative sources of fuels away from gas guzzling cars. To expand more aggressively into new segments of the market. The launch of Aygo model by Toyota is intended to take market share in youth market. To produce cars which are more fuel efficient, have greater performance and less impact on the environment. To develop new cars which respond to social and institutional needs and wants. The development of electric cars, hybrid fuels, and components reduces the impact on the environment. Toyota’s Eco-Vehicle Assessment System (Eco-VAS) has helped in production, usage, and disposal. Continued global expansion – especially in the emerging markets e. g. China and India, Russia, where population and demand is accelerating. Threats Saturation and increased competition, intense marketing campaigns increasing competitive pressures. Shifts in the exchange rates affecting profits and cost of raw materials. Predictions of a downturn in the economy e. g. recession, will affect car purchases (especially new cars). As household budgets tighten – this could lead a decline in new car sales and possible rationalization of dealerships. Changing demographics e. g. number of large families is declining. Undermining the demand for large family cars. Changing usage – families using the car less for taking children to schools. Home deliveries. Businesses – restricting business travel (tele-conferencing). Governments encouraging alternative forms of transport – cycling and incentives to use public transport across Europe. Service Blueprint A â€Å"Services Blueprint† is a process design tool which is a flow chart of the business operations. The blueprint for Toyota has been developed using the information available from different Toyota websites. The Blueprint involves all the steps from customer placing an order to delivery of car to customer. The blueprint is explained as follows: Customer Actions: The various customer action that have been identified are customer placing an order, Checking specifications on internet and enquiring about the details of car and placed orders. Final Customer action that has been identified is customer receiving the car and documents pertaining to car. The identified Onstage customer actions are the different payment details that will be available after customer places the order and also Customer Representatives that will be answering the customers queries regarding the current status of production stage i. e. whether car is in assembly stage or the car is still in welding stage or in delivery stage. Backstage Contact Employee Action: The Different Backstage Contact Actions that have been identified are the overall manufacturing process and the delivery of car from factory. Again the manufacturing process is broken down into Building the engine, making the body i. e. Press Plant, Welding the different parts of car to the body, Painting the car and finally assembling the different sections of car together with the body. Support Process: The different Support processes that have been identified are the records of the current production status for a particular customer. The need for carrying out thorough quality check is imperative to satisfy customer satisfaction level and has been identified as a Support process that complements the manufacturing process at every stage. {draw:frame} Implementing Project Plan The report encompasses project plan for starting a new venture of Toyota in Melbourne. Project Plan is a critical part in implementation and success of project. The estimated time, cost and resources help us to identify the budget and expected duration of project. The project Plan has been designed to implement a new project for Toyota from scratch by breaking down the whole process from setting up plant to delivery of car into different stages. The project plan also includes the time that will be required for completing the different tasks. The constraints that will affect the various task at different stages has been identified and defined in the plan. Following are the relevant activity and its brief description which can be tailored to fit the needs: Conceptual: – The first phase of project is to identify the Business objectives, conceptualising a plan, assessing the place for constructing a plant, staffing requirement and the different requirement for equipments. This again can be broken down into following tasks which consists of above mentioned subtasks: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:bookmark} {text:toc-mark-start} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:toc-mark-end} {text:list-item} Following is a brief overview of different activities or task with its subtasks. {draw:frame} {text:list-item} {draw:frame} Gantt Chart is a graphical representation of the duration of tasks against the progression of time. It is really useful while monitoring a project’s progress. The above Gantt chart helps us to identify the constraints and the tasks that are dependent on completion of other tasks in the overall Toyota project. Hence it helps to visualize the criticality of project and path and the success of project in Melbourne. Note: Due to Space constraint we have not been able to include the complete Gantt Chart. {text:list-item} Activity Network Diagram can be used within Toyota for detailed evaluation planning. Below is the screenshot of all major tasks identified in the project plan. {draw:frame} The screenshots attached below are of the tasks broken down into its subtask identified in the Project Plan. {draw:frame} {draw:frame} {draw:frame} Financial Factors of Project and Business The Financial factors play a major role in success of project. The financial factors that have been identified and will be impacting the implementation and success of project are: Changes in economic conditions affecting, and the ompetitive environment in, the automotive markets in Australia. Toyota's ability to realize production efficiencies and to implement capital expenditures at the levels and times planned by management. Political instability in the markets of Australia. Toyota's ability to timely develop and achieve market acceptance of new products. Fuel shortages or interruptions in transportation systems, labour strikes, work stoppages or other interruptions to, or difficulties in, the employment of labour in the major markets where Toyota purchases materials, components and supplies for the production of its products or where its products are produced, distributed or sold. 6] On the basis of project plan – the estimated time, resource requirement and cash flows for carrying out the various activities we have prepared Balance Sheet and Cash Flow for the whole Toyota project. The assumptions that have been made are listed below: {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} {text:list-item} On the basis of above assumption we have developed the Balance sheet at the beginning and end of year and Cash Flow statement at the end of year which is given below: Balance Sheet at the End of Year Balance Sheet at the End of Year Cash Flow at the End of Year Conclusion The Primary goal of the report is to analyse Toyota- the way business is carried out and mechanisms by which it implements different processes. The analysis carried out about its business and marketing strategies helped us to devise the overall project plan for starting a new business in Melbourne. Hence on the above basis we devised blueprint and finally prepared the financial statements. The report has taken into account the various constraints i. e. technical and financial constraints that may affect the success of project. The Project that is stated for implementation is a profitable venture. Hence the wise move will be to implement the project due to huge demand in Australian market. References http://ezinearticles. com/? The-History-of-Toyota&id=2790459 ttp://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Toyota http://www. toyota. co. jp/en/ir/presentation/2008/pdf/080828presen_1. pdf http://www. researchandmarkets. com/reports/541936 http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_the_swot_analysis_ of_Toyota http://www. thefreelibrary. com/Toyota+Announces+Third+Quarter+Financial+Results+-+Net+Revenues+and†¦ -a0141766841 http://www. detnews. com/2003/autosinsider/0304/21/a01-141863. htm http://lifeinmotion. wordpress. com/2006/12/23/%E2%80%9Ctoyota-developing-strategies-for-growth%E2%80%9D/ http://www. toyota-industries. com/product/auto/ 10. http://www2. toyota. co. jp/en/business_field/ 11.

The View Of The Nature Of Reality - 2159 Words

1. Explain (the main ideas and views) and evaluate (by giving arguments) the view of Heraclitus regarding the nature of reality? A: Heraclitus nature of reality was based on the fact that the universe was always changing. He thought that there was no reality, according to Heraclitus everything was based on fire because like our lives fire also changes every single second. His famous quote â€Å"You can’t step in the same river twice† represents the change that we sometimes don’t see, because in his quote the fact that the rivers water is constantly flowing shows the change over time; Where when you want to step in it again is going to be different water from the one you steeped initially. I also think that Heraclitus is talking about how we†¦show more content†¦As Empedocles also sees the change in the universe he also wanted to know why it was happening. He thought that the two forces of the cosmos love and strife had an influence of the natural world and he envision these as the forces of attraction and discomposing because for example when different roots are harmonious and co me together they form love however with strife roots are repelled and seek their own kind bringing decomposition. 3. Explain and evaluate the view of Anaximander? A: Anaximander theory about the different substances explains how he believes that they came from more simple form that just water. He thought the basic substance must be ageless, boundless and indeterminate. He knew things were made from smaller particles that we were not visible. His interest in the fundamental substance that constitutes everything or in determining what the most important feature of reality was. He though what happen in the universe came from natural powers and processes for example how the seasons changed from heat,cold,wetness,dryness it all alternate to create our seasons. 4.Explain, evaluate and compare (by stating how they are similar or different) the views of Parmenides and Heraclitus. A: In comparison to Heraclitus theory of constant change in the universe Parmenides thought that there was no change only permanence. He believes that reality was changeless and that the